If cognitive strategies during a marathon won't exactly make
or break your race, they are still among
the most important weapons you have in
your arsenal against fatigue. Below are the four mental strategies to be the most common:
- Internal association: This focuses on how the body feels
while running.
- Internal dissociation: This is essentially distraction:
examples include playing songs over and over in your head and solving mental
puzzles;
- External association: This focuses outwardly, on factors important to the race:
passing or being passed by other runners, looking out for fluid stations and
calculating split times;
- External dissociation: This, too, focuses outwardly-but on events unimportant
to the race: enjoyment of the scenery, attention to throngs of cheering
spectators or glimpses of outrageously costumed runners passing by.
Research has shown that the greatest percentage of those who
hit the Wall said they had relied primarily on internal dissociation. It seems
all-out distraction may make it difficult for you to judge your pace and to
know other vital information, such as when you're dehydrated. It's therefore
not a good idea to avoid monitoring your body altogether.
Internal association, while the most prevalent of the four strategies,
magnified discomfort among the runners, who reported the Wall appearing much
earlier and lasting longer than others.
Interestingly, external association seems not to lead runners into the trap of
hitting the Wall, as you might expect from the results of internal
dissociation. The researchers speculate that the observance, however unrelated
to racing strategy, of passing by other runners and spectators may provide
enough of the focus needed to keep the correct pace, effectively anticipate
hills and so forth.
Similarly, runners using external dissociation didn't experience the Wall as
often or as intensely as the internally-focused groups.
So, what's best practice for marathon racers? Check in on your body
periodically-if briefly-and focus most of your attention externally: on both
factors important to the marathon as well as on the enjoyable atmosphere. The
latter may be unrelated to performance in any direct sense, but it nevertheless
has the power to surround and energize you as you strive to keep your head up,
your confidence high and your feet moving toward that finish line.
(Marathon & Beyond, 2003, Vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 61-72;
BJSM, 1998, Vol. 32, No.3, pp. 229-234) © American Running Association, Running
& FitNews 2004, Vol. 22, No. 1, p.5)